Operating system — Computer conductor

Содержание и основные понятия

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Alterna · Chapter 3 · page 3.1
Operating system — Computer conductor
Turn on the computer without the operating system -- and you'll see the black screen. There's a processor, memory and disk, but they don't know what to do. OS is the invisible conductor that makes iron play coherently. In this chapter, you're not just gonna read about it -- you've got to collect it yourself.
Imagine the orchestra: 100 musicians, each with its own instrument, without a conductor, cacophony.
Operating system
And there's a computer conductor.
OS
It's a set of software that manages all computer resources and acts as an intermediary between the Iron and you. It runs programs, divides the processor and memory between them, organizes the files and translates your commands into the language of the devices.
GEF · Basic
PLF · Infred
01
The middleman between iron and you.
The software doesn't know how to talk directly to the Iron, and there's always an operating system between them, and without it, the computer is useless.
GEF · Basic
PLF · Infred
Why do you even need a layer?
The text editor doesn't know exactly how SSD writes bytes in memory cells. The game can't manually turn on the cores of the processor. If each program was running the iron itself, firstly, it would have to be rewritten to every new model of disk or video card, and second, two programs would have fought instantly for the same resources.
Therefore, between the apps and the equipment
Operating system
The program asks: "Save this file" or "Shut the sound" -- which is exactly how it is done on a particular gland, the OS decides.
abstraction
: complicated details hidden behind simple teams.
♪ Oh, my God ♪
♪ Applications (Word, browser, games)
OPERATIONAL SYSTEM
process · memory · device files ·
Equipment: processor · memory · disc · device
Figure 1.
The layers of the computer, every level communicates only with the neighbor through the OS.
02
Four operating system operations
Whatever OS does, it all comes down to four tasks, so remember them through the household analogy, and you can't confuse them in the exam.
GEF · Basic
PLF · Infred
🎻
Process management
analogy: Orchestra conductor
The processor is one (or several kernels) and the programs are dozens. The OS changes them hundreds of times a second, and it feels like everything works at the same time.
multi-tasking
.
🏨
Memory management
analogy: hotel administrator
The LO gives each program its number in its operational memory and ensures that neighbors don't go into someone else's.
Isolation
- it protects the programs from each other.
📚
File management
analogy: librarian
On the CD, there are billions of bytes. OS organizes them into files and folders, runs a catalog, and quickly finds the right ones by name and path. This is the entire next page.
🔌
Devices management
analogy: Translator
Every printer, mouse or video card "spoke" in its own language.
Drivers
- Interpreter programs between the device and the system.
♪ question to fill ♪
When you listen to music
at the same time
You list the site, how many programs actually work "in the same moment" on the same processor core?
Just one.
It's just that the LOs are switching them so fast that people don't notice the pauses, that's the illusion of multi-tasking.
🔄
Life of the Process
Visualization · multi-tasking
Interactor
The memory program is called
of the process
He goes through several states in his life, press "The Next Step" (or "Auto") and watch the clue to the right.
Creation
NEW
Ready
READY
Implementation
RUNNING
Waiting
WAITING
Conclusion
TERMINATED
NEW
Creation
The process has just been born: the LO has selected for it a recording in the process table and downloads the program to memory. Until it is ready to be executed.
The analogy:
The cook got the order and went for the groceries.
🧩
Gather your OS.
Drag-and-drop · what the system consists of
Interactor
OS is not a single program, but a few layers, from the core that speaks with iron to the windows that you see, drag every component into its layer.
Components
System layers
03
What operational systems are like
The OS is classified according to several features. This is the favorite "theoretical" subject of the examination and the deeper PLF material.
PIF · Deepened
Classification signs
Sign
Species
Example
Number of tasks
single-purpose /
multi-tasking
MS-DOS → Windows, Linux
Number of users
One-/
Multi-user
Home Windows \Linux server
Interface
console /
Graphic
Command line ~ Window desktop
Where implemented
Local /
Cloud
Windows on the ♪ Chrome OS CD on the Internet
PLF · Cloud OS
B
Cloud OS
(e.g. Chrome OS) almost everything is stored and executed on the Internet, and the computer itself is a light terminal. Plus, nothing is lost when the device is broken, the upgrades come by themselves. Minus: without the network, the possibilities fall sharply.
~ Lifehak for the exam
If the question is "to what type of LOs" - look for the key words: "a few programs at the same time"; "a lot of accounts"; "multi-user"; "works in a browser / cloud".
Software and systems display
The operating systems and programs that surround you every day.
domestic
The Russian schools and government agencies are moving to them, and the logo is used to stop the tape, and clicks will open up an official website.
Importation
Russia is creating its own LOs:
Astra Linux
- a secure system for the public sector (certified)
FSTEC
),
Alt Linux
- for schools and universities,
ROSA
- Another Russian Linux system,
Aurora
- for smartphones.
2022
Schools and public institutions are going to go massively to domestic software: if you work in the public sector, you'll almost certainly meet Astra Linux. More about Russian software and licences, on the page.
3.3. "Software"
.
Liaison with the EEG
There are no direct tasks "list OS functions" in the EEG.
multi-tasking
- how the processor turns between the programs, helps in
OGE No. 5
(Applause analysis for performers): You see that the machine does the steps, not the "all at once."
♪ Honest about the exams
This page is
General educational material
(GEF and PLF): OS functions, classification, process life cycle.
EGE 2026 specifications
of these themes
None
- Don't look for them in the EGE options. The only real examination link on "operation systems and architecture" is
EGE No. 22
(parallel computing, multiprocessor systems) But files, tracks and masks are already
OGE
(page 3.2).