Software — Programme pyramid

Содержание и основные понятия

Back to the table of contents
Alterna · Chapter 3 · page 3.3
Software — Programme pyramid
The computer without programs is a pile of silicon and metal. Everything it can do is embedded in the software, but the programs are not equal: some communicate directly with iron, others with only you. We'll figure it out in their hierarchy.
You start the game. She draws worlds on the screen -- but she doesn't know how your video card works. How does the picture get on the monitor? Through a whole pyramid of mediated programs.
Everything.
Software (PP)
It is divided into two large classes:
Systemic
(computer itself) and
Application
There's a strict hierarchy between iron and you.
GEF · Basic
PLF · Infred
OGE · classification of software
01
System and application software
The main division to be understood in the exam.
GEF
OGE · classification of software
System Software — Computer Support
System software
It manages the computer itself and creates an environment for launching the rest of the programs.
Operating system
(core, shell) is the chief manager referred to on page 3.1.
Drivers
– "translators" programmes that teach LOs to communicate with a specific device (printer, video map, mouse).
Utilities
- Service tools: filers (WinRAR, 7-Zip), defragmentators, disk diagnostic programs.
Antivirus
- Protect the system (Kaspersky, Dr.Web).
The application software addresses the user's tasks
Application software
- It's software that we're turning on the computer for.
We're
to work:
Text editors and office
— Word, Writer, Excel, PowerPoint.
Graphs and videos
- Photoshop, GIPP, video editors.
Browsers
— Chrome, Firefox, Yandex Browser.
Games, Massengers, Players
- anything that entertains and communicates.
Workshop software — for programme development
Instrumental (programming systems)
- these are programs that they write.
Other
Without them, there would have been no LOs, no Words, and no games:
Compiers
- translate the code directly into the machine room (GCC for C/C++).
Investors
- perform the code by line (Python, Node.js).
Development media (IDE)
===PyCharm, Visual Studio, VS Code==="Compine" is an editor, debugger and compiler.
Three classes, not two.
Total classification of software:
Systemic
(overlining iron)
Application
(Performs the user ' s tasks) and
instrumental
The first two are more frequently asked at the EEG, but knowing about the third is important.
:: Fill-in question
The antivirus is a system or application software? It does not solve the problem of the user (as Word) but serves and protects the system itself.
system
PA (service programmes).
02
OS is not a driver. Driver is not an LO.
The favorite test trap is to confuse the role of the operating system and the driver.
EEG · device ~ driver
Operating system
This is the "driver" of the entire orchestra: it distributes the processor, memory, files to all programs at once. It's all on the whole computer.
Driver
is a narrow specialist with one tool: he knows the language.
Specific
The devices and translate the OS commands into signals that are understood by this type of printer or video card. The drivers in the system are dozens.
The key idea
I plugged in a new webcam -- the OS doesn't change, but she needs to.
Driver
The driver is a bridge between a universal LO and a unique device.
03
PA pyramid: from iron to man
Scream through the pyramid layers, find out who's talking to who, the higher the layer, the closer to the person, the lower the closer you get to the iron.
♪ Software layers ♪
User
You and your mission.
Application software
Word, browser, games
Operating system
kernel + shell
Drivers
Interpreters of devices
Equipment (iron)
Processor, memory, disk
Scream
How to Read a Pyramid
The user command goes down through the layers and the result goes up again. No layer jumps the neighbor: the application does not directly control iron, just through the LOs and the drivers.
04
Trainer: system or application?
Move each program to the right basket, which is a direct workout of the EEG's task "identify the type of software".
OGE · classification of software
~ Interactive · List the programs by class
♪ System software
▪ Application software
05
Glossary cards
In short, every kind of software is for a quick repeat before the exam. The greens are applied, the blues are systems.
06
Licensing and import
GEF
PIF
Personal results
The software is intellectual property. The conditions under which it is allowed to be used depend on whether a program is legally on the computer.
Proprietary software against free (FS)
Proprietary (closed) software
The source code is closed, copyed and changed, and use is most often subject to payment (purchase of a licence).
Windows
,
Microsoft Office
,
Adobe Photoshop
.
Free software (FS, open source)
- Open source software, which is allowed to be used, studied, copied and modified free of charge. Examples:
Linux
,
LibreOffice
,
GIMP
,
7-Zip
.
The key idea
"Free" does not always mean "free", and "free" is not always "free".
open code and the right to change it
For example, the antivirus may be free but closed (proprietary).
Four types of licences
There are intermediate options between "closed pay" and "open free" and four types of examination:
Type of licence
What can I do?
Examples
Proprietary (commercial)
Pay for license, code closed.
Windows, MS Office, Photoshop
Free (FS, open source)
Free + change code
Linux, LibreOffice, GIMP, Python
Free of charge (shareware)
Free trial period, then pay.
WinRAR, IDM
Freeware
Free of charge, but the code's closed.
Skype, Discord, Telegram
Why the country of its software: Importation
If a school, a hospital or a public authority works in foreign programmes, their work depends on foreign companies: they can raise the price, stop updating or withdraw the license altogether.
National software
- This process is called
Imports
It is Russian operating systems and office bags that move to Russian schools.
Category
Foreign counterpart
▪ Russian replacement
Operating system (PC)
Windows, macOS
Astra Linux
,
Alt Linux
, RED OS
Mobile OS
Android, iOS
Aurora
(Aurora OS)
Office package
Microsoft Office
My Office.
,
P7-Office
, LibreOffice
Antivirus
—
Kaspersky
,
Dr.Web
Brouser
Chrome, Edge
Jandex Brouser
Atom.
DDS (bases)
Oracle, MS SQL Server
Postgres Pro
♪ Lifehak for the exam
Many of the domestic LOs (Astra Linux, Alt Linux and RED OS) are built on a core
Linux
So "Russian OS" and "Linux-based OZ" often mean the same thing.
Is it Russian or foreign?
:: Earning
♪ Foreign