Web and Search

Содержание и основные понятия

Back to the table of contents
Alterna · Chapter 4 · page 4.3
Web and Search
The Internet isn't just a site. It's billions of pages, pictures, videos and documents. To find the information that's needed in this ocean, you need tools: browsers and search engines. But it's not easy to find -- it is important to assess whether you can trust what you find. On this page, you'll learn to effectively search for and critically evaluate information.
In chapter 3, you've already collected Url from fragments and found out that
browser
It's a web page program, but the browser is just a tool.
That
and
How?
Search engines index billions of pages, but if the request is not well formulated, you'll get the wrong one.
GEF requires:
"to seek information on the Internet by key words and by image, to be critical of the information found"
This is where you're gonna work both skills.
GEF · Basic
PIF · Baseline
01
Web vs Internet: What's the difference?
Two words that are often confused, but they're different.
GEF
Internet — Infrastructure
Internet
This is a global network of millions of computers around the world, which is the roads and bridges on which data travel. The Internet appeared in 1969 (ARPANET) and was conceived for the exchange of scientific data.
Web service over the Internet
World Wide Web (WWW, Web)
It is one of the services that work over the Internet, and it is "shops" and "libraries" that are standing along the roads, and the web is available in 1991 (Tim Berners-Le in CERN) and allows hypertext documents (webpages) linked to links.
🌐
Internet
analogy: road network
Physical infrastructure: cables, routers, servers, operating since 1969. Apart from Web, it includes e-mails, Massengers, online games, torrents.
📄
Web (WWW)
Similar: stores on the side of the road
The HTTP/HTTPS protocol and the HTML language have been in operation since 1991.
Simple check
When you play an online game, you use it.
Internet
When you open a website in a browser, you use it and
Internet
and
Web
When you e-mail, you use
Internet
but not necessarily Web.
02
Browsers: Web windows
The programs that turn the XML code into beautiful pages.
GEF
What's a browser doing?
Brouser
(web browser) is a program that:
Sends an HTTP request to a server (as you learned on page 4.2).
Gets a HTML page code.
He does.
HTML is building an element tree (DOM).
Uploads additional resources: CSS (steels), JavaScript (interactor), images.
Painting
A page on the screen.
Popular browsers
Most browsers work on one of the three engines:
Blink
(Google) is Chrome, Edge, Opera, Jandex Brauser, Brave, Vivaldi.
Gecko
(Mozilla) — Firefox.
WebKit
(Apple) — Safari.
Domestic browsers
In Russia developed
Jandex Brouser
and
Atom
Both are included in the domestic software register. They work on the Blink (like Chrome) engine, but have additional functions: personal data protection, integration with Russian services.
03
Search engines: how they work
Billions of pages is the answer for the fractions of a second.
GEF
Three phases of the search engine
Scanning (crawl)
– Special programs (bots, spiders) automatically bypass sites and download their contents.
Indexing (index)
- download pages are analysed: words, links, metadata are removed. All of this is added into a giant index, as an index at the end of the book.
Rancing (rank)
- when you enter the request, the search engine is looking for the right pages in the index and sorting them according to their relevance.
SKAN
Bots go around sites.
INDIEX
Word and page base
OUTSIDE
ranking of results
Figure 1.
Three phases of the search engine: scanning \ indexation \ search and ranking
Popular search engines
Searcher
Country
Specialities
Google
United States dollars
The largest in the world, ~90% of the world market
Yandex
Russia
Leader in Russia, well understood Russian
DuckDuckGo
United States dollars
Doesn't collect personal data, private searches.
Bing
United States dollars
Microsoft Searcher, embedded in Windows
Search Mail.ru
Russia
The second most popular in Russia
04
Effective Query — How to Search for Precisely
The art of formulating a request to find exactly what it takes.
GEF
OGE No. 8
Why is the request important?
The searcher is looking for pages containing words from the request. If the request is not accurate, the results will be irrelevant. The more accurate the request, the sooner you find the right one.
Search operators
Operator
What he does
Example
"..."
Exact sentence (in the order indicated)
"война и мир"
- That's the phrase, not the words.
-
Delete word
ягуар -автомобиль
- about the animal, no pages about the cars.
site:
Search only on one site
Пушкин site:wikipedia.org
- about Pushkin, but only on Wikipedia.
filetype:
Search for specific type files
отчёт filetype:pdf
- PDF documents only
|
Or (at least one word)
репетитор | учитель математика
Council
For the school paper, try:
"Александр Сергеевич Пушкин" биография site:wikipedia.org
The result will be more accurate than just "Fistine biography".
Image Search
Search engines can search not only from the text but also from the picture:
Google Images
- you download pictures, you find similar ones.
Jandex Images
- also works well with Russian content.
Retrieving
- you can find out where the picture came from, who's on it, if it's in a bigger permit.
OGE No. 8
The examination is marked by an assignment: requests are made to operators.
&
(I) and
|
I need you to figure out how many pages there are.
&
narrows down the search (less results),
|
Increases (more results).
🔎
Searcher
5 random tasks · from the bank 50 assignments
Interactor
Each time you have five new tasks from the bank in 50 assignments (school + OGE No. 8). Choose the best request or set the order.
Could not download the tasks. Check the connection to the site.
05
Reliability of information
Finding information is half a job. It's important to know if you can trust it.
GEF
PIF
Why can't you believe everything?
Anybody on the Internet can publish anything. There's no editor who checks the facts, so there are fairies, old information, and outright lies among reliable sources.
Validation check sheet
Who's the author?
Does the author have any qualifications in this area?
What source?
The official website, the scientific journal, the blog, the forum?
When's it published?
Check the date of publication.
Are there references to sources?
- A reliable article refers to sources, research, documents.
Is it confirmed by others?
- If the information is only available on one site, it's suspicious.
What's the target?
- Informing, advertising, manipulation?
Careful.
GEF explicitly requires:
"to take a critical view of the information found, aware of the risk of spreading harmful information, including extremist and terrorist information"
If you see suspicious content, don't distribute it.
Evidence of incorrect information
No author nor date of publication.
The title is screaming, shocking, or scary.
Lots of mistakes, typo, CAPSLOC.
There are no references to sources or links to questionable