Information

Содержание и основные понятия

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Alterna chapter 9
Information
The concept, properties, units of measurement, information processes and discreteization - with formulas, interactors and a bank of tasks of the AGE/EGE.
Information
In this chapter, you can study what information is like, how to measure it, how it's happening and how a computer converts continuous signals into digital data.
GEF
PIF
OGE No. 1-7
EEG No. 4.17
09
Key formulas for the chapter
Three main formulas that need to be known for the EEG and the EGE
FORMULA CHARTLEY
i = log₂(N)
i
- the weight of the symbol (beat),
N
===Engine power===Example: N=256 x i=8 bits.
BY AUDIO
I = R·t·i·K
R
- frequency (Hz),
t
- time (s),
i
- depth (beat),
K
- Channels (1/2).
TO BE EXPLAINED
I = x·y·i
x,y
- Pixels,
i
- depth of color (beat).
Relationship of formulas: from alphabet to volume
N = 2ⁱ
Capability of the alphabet
I = N·i
Interpretation of text
I = R·t·i·K
Sound
I = x·y·i
Images
01
What is information?
Definition, properties, forms and types
GEF
OGE No. 1-5
Definition for GEF
Information
(from lat.
informatio
- "explanation" is the information about the world and the processes in it.
6 information properties
Relevance
- It matters now.
Reliability
- is true.
Complete
- enough to solve
Understanding
- available to the recipient
Useful
- helps to achieve the goal
Innovation
- contains new information
5 forms of perception
👉
Visual
- Eyes (text, photo)
👂
Hearing
— ears (music, speech)
✍
Tactile
- Skin (Brail)
👣
Taste
- language (sweet/acid)
👃
Awful.
- nose (smells)
02
Units for measuring information
From bat to petabyte: binary Numeral systems
GEF
OGE No. 3.4
EEG No. 4
Why 1 KB = 1024 byte?
The computer works in a binary system.
2¹⁰ = 1024
.
1 бит = 0 или 1  |  1 байт = 8 бит = 256 комбинаций
1 КБ = 2¹⁰ = 1024 байт  |  1 МБ = 2²⁰ = 1024 КБ
1 ГБ = 2³⁰ = 1024 МБ  |  1 ТБ = 2⁴⁰ = 1024 ГБ
Scale of units of measure (logarithmic)
bt
Byte
KB
MB
GB
TB
BOP
×8
×1024
×1024
×1024
×1024
×1024
03
Information processes
Four basic actions with information
GEF
OGE No. 4.6
♪ Collection
Sensors, senses
♪ Storage
HDD, SSD, cloud
♪ Processing
CPU, algorithms
♪ Transfer
Internet, Wi-Fi
04
Discretion
Conversion of analog signals to digital form
GEF
OGE No. 3.4
EEG No. 17
Sound: I = R × t × i × K
R
- Discretion frequency (Hz)
t
- Time (seconds)
i
— Coding depth (bit)
K
- Channels: 1=mono, 2=stereo
Пример: 48000 × 3 × 16 × 2 = 4 608 000 бит
Image: I = x x y x i
x, y
- resolution (picsels)
i
— Color depth (beat)
N = 2ⁱ
— Number of flowers
Пример: 1024 × 768 × 24 = 18 874 368 бит
05
Chapter Pages
5 pages with theory, interactors and task bank
9.1
What is information?
Definition, properties, shapes and types, bank of properties assignments.
GEF
OGE No. 1-5
9.2
Units
Beat, byte, KB, MB, Hartley Formula, unit envelope.
GEF
OGE No. 3.4
EEG No. 4
9.3
Information processes
Collection, storage, processing, transmission.
GEF
OGE No. 4.6
9.4
Discretion
APC: frequency, depth, channels, sound and images.
GEF
OGE No. 3.4
EEG No. 17
9.5
Polygon examination
Quest, timer test, OGE/EGE mission developed.
OGE No. 1-7
EEG No. 4.17
06
Quick start: examples of solutions
Three Model Tasks of the AEG/EGGE with a detailed decision
Task 1: Hartley Formula (GEP No. 3)
The text of 256 characters is written by an alphabet of 64. Find the volume of information in bytes.
i = log₂(64) = 6 бит на символ
I = 256 × 6 = 1536 бит =
192 байта
Task 2: audio volume (EGG No. 17)
Stereo recording: R=48,000 Hz, i=16 bits, t=10 seconds.
I = R × t × i × K = 48000 × 10 × 16 × 2
= 15 360 000 бит = 1 920 000 байт =
1875 КБ
Task 3: Image volume (GEG No. 4)
Resolution 800×600, 256 color palette.
N=256 → i=log₂(256)=8 бит
I = 800 × 600 × 8 = 3 840 000 бит
= 480 000 байт =
468,75 КБ